The Crypto class provides encryption and decryption of strings either usinga secret key or secret password. For encryption and decryption of large files,see the File class.

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• Return Values. Returns a string containing the calculated message digest as lowercase hexits unless rawoutput is set to true in which case the raw binary representation of the message digest is returned. Returns FALSE when algo is unknown or is a non-cryptographic hash function.
• Feb 26, 2020 The authors used to encounter insecure PHP encryption code on a daily basis, so they created this library to bring more security to the ecosystem. Secondly, this library is 'difficult to misuse.' Like libsodium, its API is designed to be easy to use in a secure way and hard to use in an insecure way.

A Defuse Crypto Key is a strong encryption key. This removes the need to use a slow key derivation function, reducing encryption and decryption times compared to using a string password. A Key can be generated with the generate-defuse-key script. To generate a Key for the AuthorizationServer run the following command in the terminal.

This code for this class is in src/Crypto.php.

Instance Methods

This class has no instance methods.

Static Methods

Crypto::encrypt($plaintext, Key $key, $raw_binary = false)

Description:

Encrypts a plaintext string using a secret key.

Parameters:

1. $plaintext is the string to encrypt.
2. $key is an instance of Key containing the secret key for encryption.
3. $raw_binary determines whether the output will be a byte string (true) orhex encoded (false, the default).

Return value:

Returns a ciphertext string representing $plaintext encrypted with the key$key. Knowledge of $key is required in order to decrypt the ciphertext andrecover the plaintext.

Exceptions:

• DefuseCryptoExceptionEnvironmentIsBrokenException is thrown either whenthe platform the code is running on cannot safely perform encryption for somereason (e.g. it lacks a secure random number generator), or the runtime testsdetected a bug in this library.

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• TypeError is thrown if the parameters are not of the expected types.

Side-effects and performance:

This method runs a small and very fast set of self-tests if it is the very firsttime one of the Crypto methods has been called. The performance overhead isnegligible and can be safely ignored in all applications.

Cautions:

The ciphertext returned by this method is decryptable by anyone with knowledgeof the key $key. It is the caller's responsibility to keep $key secret.Where $key should be stored is up to the caller and depends on the threatmodel the caller is designing their application under. If you are unsure whereto store $key, consult with a professional cryptographer to get help designingyour application.

Please note that encryption does not, and is not intended to, hide thelength of the data being encrypted. For example, it is not safe to encrypta field in which only a small number of different-length values are possible(e.g. 'male' or 'female') since it would be possible to tell what the plaintextis by looking at the length of the ciphertext. In order to do this safely, it isyour responsibility to, before encrypting, pad the data out to the length of thelongest string that will ever be encrypted. This way, all plaintexts are thesame length, and no information about the plaintext can be gleaned from thelength of the ciphertext.

Crypto::decrypt($ciphertext, Key $key, $raw_binary = false)

Description:

Decrypts a ciphertext string using a secret key.

Parameters:

1. $ciphertext is the ciphertext to be decrypted.
2. $key is an instance of Key containing the secret key for decryption.
3. $raw_binary must have the same value as the $raw_binary given to thecall to encrypt() that generated $ciphertext.

Return value:

If the decryption succeeds, returns a string containing the same value as thestring that was passed to encrypt() when $ciphertext was produced. Upona successful return, the caller can be assured that $ciphertext could not havebeen produced except by someone with knowledge of $key.

Exceptions:

• DefuseCryptoExceptionEnvironmentIsBrokenException is thrown either whenthe platform the code is running on cannot safely perform encryption for somereason (e.g. it lacks a secure random number generator), or the runtime testsdetected a bug in this library.

• DefuseCryptoExceptionWrongKeyOrModifiedCiphertextException is thrown ifthe $key is not the correct key for the given ciphertext, or if theciphertext has been modified (possibly maliciously). There is no way todistinguish between these two cases.

• TypeError is thrown if the parameters are not of the expected types.

Side-effects and performance:

This method runs a small and very fast set of self-tests if it is the very firsttime one of the Crypto methods has been called. The performance overhead isnegligible and can be safely ignored in all applications.

Cautions:

It is impossible in principle to distinguish between the case where you attemptto decrypt with the wrong key and the case where you attempt to decrypta modified (corrupted) ciphertext. It is up to the caller how to best deal withthis ambiguity, as it depends on the application this library is being used in.If in doubt, consult with a professional cryptographer.

Crypto::encryptWithPassword($plaintext, $password, $raw_binary = false)

Description:

Encrypts a plaintext string using a secret password.

Parameters:

1. $plaintext is the string to encrypt.
2. $password is a string containing the secret password used for encryption.
3. $raw_binary determines whether the output will be a byte string (true) orhex encoded (false, the default).

Return value:

Returns a ciphertext string representing $plaintext encrypted with a keyderived from $password. Knowledge of $password is required in order todecrypt the ciphertext and recover the plaintext.

Exceptions:

• DefuseCryptoExceptionEnvironmentIsBrokenException is thrown either whenthe platform the code is running on cannot safely perform encryption for somereason (e.g. it lacks a secure random number generator), or the runtime testsdetected a bug in this library.

• TypeError is thrown if the parameters are not of the expected types.

Side-effects and performance:

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This method is intentionally slow, using a lot of CPU resources for a fractionof a second. It applies key stretching to the password in order to make passwordguessing attacks more computationally expensive. If you need a faster way toencrypt multiple ciphertexts under the same password, see theKeyProtectedByPassword class.

This method runs a small and very fast set of self-tests if it is the very firsttime one of the Crypto methods has been called. The performance overhead isnegligible and can be safely ignored in all applications.

Cautions:

PHP stack traces display (portions of) the arguments passed to methods on thecall stack. If an exception is thrown inside this call, and it is uncaught, thevalue of $password may be leaked out to an attacker through the stack trace.We recommend configuring PHP to never output stack traces (either displayingthem to the user or saving them to log files).

Crypto::decryptWithPassword($ciphertext, $password, $raw_binary = false)

Description:

Decrypts a ciphertext string using a secret password.

Parameters:

1. $ciphertext is the ciphertext to be decrypted.
2. $password is a string containing the secret password used for decryption.
3. $raw_binary must have the same value as the $raw_binary given to thecall to encryptWithPassword() that generated $ciphertext.

Return value:

If the decryption succeeds, returns a string containing the same value as thestring that was passed to encryptWithPassword() when $ciphertext wasproduced. Upon a successful return, the caller can be assured that $ciphertextcould not have been produced except by someone with knowledge of $password.

Exceptions:

• DefuseCryptoExceptionEnvironmentIsBrokenException is thrown either whenthe platform the code is running on cannot safely perform encryption for somereason (e.g. it lacks a secure random number generator), or the runtime testsdetected a bug in this library.

• DefuseCryptoExceptionWrongKeyOrModifiedCiphertextException is thrown ifthe $password is not the correct password for the given ciphertext, or ifthe ciphertext has been modified (possibly maliciously). There is no way todistinguish between these two cases.

• TypeError is thrown if the parameters are not of the expected types.

Side-effects:

This method is intentionally slow. It applies key stretching to the password inorder to make password guessing attacks more computationally expensive. If youneed a faster way to encrypt multiple ciphertexts under the same password, seethe KeyProtectedByPassword class.

This method runs a small and very fast set of self-tests if it is the very firsttime one of the Crypto methods has been called. The performance overhead isnegligible and can be safely ignored in all applications.

Cautions:

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PHP stack traces display (portions of) the arguments passed to methods on thecall stack. If an exception is thrown inside this call, and it is uncaught, thevalue of $password may be leaked out to an attacker through the stack trace.We recommend configuring PHP to never output stack traces (either displayingthem to the user or saving them to log files).

It is impossible in principle to distinguish between the case where you attemptto decrypt with the wrong password and the case where you attempt to decrypta modified (corrupted) ciphertext. It is up to the caller how to best deal withthis ambiguity, as it depends on the application this library is being used in.If in doubt, consult with a professional cryptographer.

Crypto::legacyDecrypt($ciphertext, $key)

Description:

Decrypts a ciphertext produced by version 1 of this library so that theplaintext can be re-encrypted into a version 2 ciphertext. See Upgrading fromv1.2.

Parameters:

1. $ciphertext is a ciphertext produced by version 1.x of this library.
2. $key is a 16-byte string (not a Key object) containing the key that wasused with version 1.x of this library to produce $ciphertext.

Return value:

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If the decryption succeeds, returns the string that was encrypted to make$ciphertext by version 1.x of this library. Upon a successful return, thecaller can be assured that $ciphertext could not have been produced except bysomeone with knowledge of $key.

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Exceptions:

• DefuseCryptoExceptionEnvironmentIsBrokenException is thrown either whenthe platform the code is running on cannot safely perform encryption for somereason (e.g. it lacks a secure random number generator), or the runtime testsdetected a bug in this library.

• DefuseCryptoExceptionWrongKeyOrModifiedCiphertextException is thrown ifthe $key is not the correct key for the given ciphertext, or if theciphertext has been modified (possibly maliciously). There is no way todistinguish between these two cases.

• TypeError is thrown if the parameters are not of the expected types.

Side-effects:

This method runs a small and very fast set of self-tests if it is the very firsttime one of the Crypto methods has been called. The performance overhead isnegligible and can be safely ignored in all applications.

Cautions:

PHP stack traces display (portions of) the arguments passed to methods on thecall stack. If an exception is thrown inside this call, and it is uncaught, thevalue of $key may be leaked out to an attacker through the stack trace. Werecommend configuring PHP to never output stack traces (either displaying themto the user or saving them to log files).

It is impossible in principle to distinguish between the case where you attemptto decrypt with the wrong key and the case where you attempt to decrypta modified (corrupted) ciphertext. It is up to the caller how to best deal withthis ambiguity, as it depends on the application this library is being used in.If in doubt, consult with a professional cryptographer.